Tularemia in Turkey: Epidemiological Challenges and Global Implications

Purpose of Review: Since its first identification, Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis, has been a critical zoonotic disease in Turkey. This review aims to comprehensively analyse the epidemiological trends and risk factors associated with tularemia outbreaks in Turkey. Recent Findings: The review identified patterns in tularemia outbreaks, revealing periodic surges in case numbers, particularly in rural regions engaged in farming, hunting, and livestock management. It highlights significant outbreaks in 2005, 2010–2012, and 2023–2024, with fluctuations attributed to environmental factors, wildlife reservoirs, and human activities. Notably, recent data suggest that waterborne transmission has emerged as an essential route of infection alongside direct contact with infected animals and insect vectors like ticks. Risk factors such as exposure to wildlife, inadequate water quality, and climate change are discussed, with particular emphasis on regions like Central and Eastern Anatolia, where most outbreaks have occurred. Summary: Findings suggest that tularemia outbreaks in Turkey may follow a recurring pattern, potentially influenced by climatic and ecological factors. Further research is needed to understand the disease's fluctuating dynamics and improve control measures.