The Revolving Outbreaks of Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal

Purpose of Review: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral disease transmitted by vectors and is prevalent in parts of Asia and the Pacific. In Nepal, it has been a major public health concern since 1978, especially in the Terai region, a lowland area along the border with India. Recent Findings: Several factors contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of JE in Nepal. These include irrigated rice farming, increased pig rearing, low vaccination rates, limited public awareness, and climate change, which enables mosquito breeding at higher altitudes. In recent years, JE cases have also been reported in high-altitude areas, such as hills and mountains. While vaccination campaigns and routine immunisation programs have progressed, challenges persist, including insufficient coverage, poor awareness, and inadequate healthcare systems. Frequent outbreaks in endemic regions and the spread of JE to new areas have made its prevention and control increasingly complex. Summary: Frequent outbreaks of JE in Nepal underscore the need for a comprehensive, multifaceted approach. This strategy should focus on increasing vaccination rates, strengthening surveillance systems, addressing socioeconomic and ecological risk factors, and improving funding for medical facilities. Community engagement and climate-adaptive measures will also be essential to mitigating the long-term impact of JE in Nepal.