Patterns of Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Molecule Sensitization across Four Peruvian Cities: Exploring Relationships with Regional Climate Classifications

Introduction: Allergic sensitization varies by region and environmental conditions. Given Peru’s diverse climatic conditions, this study aimed to assess the relationship between climate variability and IgE-mediated sensitization patterns in four Peruvian cities. Methods: Patients aged 3 to 70 years diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma were recruited in Piura, Lima, Tarapoto, and Arequipa. Cities were classified using the Thornthwaite methodology adopted by SENAMHI. IgE-mediated sensitization was evaluated through skin prick tests and the Allergy Explorer 2 assay to detect reactivity to molecular allergen components. Chi-square analysis and Tukey’s multiple comparisons identified significant differences among climatic zones. Results: Allergic sensitization patterns varied across climate regions. In temperate arid zones, Blo t 5 sensitization was higher (25.3%) compared to warm arid zones (6.3%, p = 0.050). Fel d 1 sensitization showed marked regional differences (56.0% in temperate arid vs. 18.4% in warm rainy zones, p = 0.003). Despite having the highest humidity (92.3%), Tarapoto showed lower sensitization rates across all molecular components for mites in comparison with cities that are also characterized by high humidity, with most differences reaching statistical significance (p < 0.001). Pet allergen sensitization demonstrated climate-dependent variations, with both Fel d 1 and Can f 1 showing higher rates in temperate arid zones. Conclusion: Peru’s climatic diversity could be associated with distinct allergic IgE-mediated sensitization patterns, highlighting environmental factors’ relevance in allergic disease management. Lower mite sensitization in the highest humidity zone suggests factors beyond humidity influence regional allergen sensitization patterns.