Assessment of Gaps and Inequalities in Cancer Screening at the District Level in Peru

Objectives: This study assessed socioeconomic inequalities in cancer screening at the district level in Peru, focusing on bilateral mammography, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. Methods: An ecological study was conducted using 2021–2023 data from the Health Information System (HIS) of MINSA. Screening rates were calculated per 1000 eligible individuals. Socioeconomic disparities were assessed using concentration indices (CIs) and gap analysis, with the Human Development Index (HDI) as the stratification variable. Results: Screening rates were higher in districts with greater HDI. The mean district-level rates were 15.41 (SD: 72.66) for mammography, 97.27 (SD: 107.34) for FOBT, and 104.87 (SD: 101.92) for PSA per 1000 eligible individuals. Positive concentration indices indicated a pro-rich inequality: CI for mammography (0.1745, p = 0.045), FOBT (0.0633, p < 0.001), and PSA (0.0290, p = 0.028). The largest gaps were observed in Amazonian and Andean regions, where screening coverage remained markedly low. Spatial distribution revealed that certain districts, particularly in Loreto, Ucayali, and Amazonas, had screening gaps exceeding 97%. Conclusions: Significant disparities in cancer screening exist across Peruvian districts, disproportionately affecting lower-HDI districts areas. Targeted interventions, including education, telemedicine, and improved infrastructure, are necessary to enhance equitable access to early detection services and reduce the burden of disease.