Abstract
Background: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods: We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA1c (HbA1c ≥6·5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG ≥7·0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT ≥11·1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings: Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r=0·98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA1c was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42·8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41·6%; in the other 15·6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA1c-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA1c 6·5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52·8% (95% CI 51·3-54·3%) and a pooled specificity of 99·74% (99·71-99·78%) compared with FPG 7·0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30·5% (28·7-32·3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA1c versus FPG. Interpretation: Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA1c-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 624-637 |
| Number of pages | 14 |
| Journal | The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology |
| Volume | 3 |
| Issue number | 8 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 1 Aug 2015 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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In: The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, Vol. 3, No. 8, 01.08.2015, p. 624-637.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis
T2 - A pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331 288 participants
AU - Danaei, Goodarz
AU - Fahimi, Saman
AU - Lu, Yuan
AU - Zhou, Bin
AU - Hajifathalian, Kaveh
AU - Cesare, Mariachiara Di
AU - Lo, Wei Cheng
AU - Reis-Santos, Barbara
AU - Cowan, Melanie J.
AU - Shaw, Jonathan E.
AU - Bentham, James
AU - Lin, John K.
AU - Bixby, Honor
AU - Magliano, Dianna
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AU - Romdhane, Habiba Ben
AU - Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio
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AU - Blokstra, Anneke
AU - Bo, Simona
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AU - Brajkovich, Imperia
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AU - Brewster, Lizzy M.
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AU - de León, Antonio Cabrera
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AU - de Gaetano, Giovanni
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AU - Gianfagna, Francesco
AU - Giovannelli, Jonathan
AU - Gross, Marcela Gonzalez
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AU - Gorbea, Mariano Bonet
AU - Gottrand, Frederic
AU - Grant, Janet F.
AU - Grodzicki, Tomasz
AU - Grøntved, Anders
AU - Gruden, Grabriella
AU - Gu, Dongfeng
AU - Guan, Ong Peng
AU - Guerrero, Ramiro
AU - Guessous, Idris
AU - Guimaraes, Andre L.
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AU - Hardy, Rebecca
AU - Kumar, Rachakulla Hari
AU - He, Jiang
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AU - Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani
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AU - Hormiga, Claudia M.
AU - Horta, Bernardo L.
AU - Houti, Leila
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AU - Huybrechts, Inge
AU - Hwalla, Nahla
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AU - Kiechl, Stefan
AU - Kim, Jeongseon
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AU - Kula, Krzysztof
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AU - Lachat, Carl
AU - Laid, Youcef
AU - Lam, Tai Hing
AU - Landrove, Orlando
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AU - Leclercq, Catherine
AU - Lee, Jeannette
AU - Lee, Jeonghee
AU - Lehtimäki, Terho
AU - Rampal, Lekhraj
AU - León-Muñoz, Luz M.
AU - Li, Yanping
AU - Lim, Wei Yen
AU - Fernanda Lima-Costa, M.
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AU - Lin, Xu
AU - Lissner, Lauren
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AU - Lozano, José Eugenio
AU - Lundqvist, Annamari
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AU - Machi, Suka
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AU - Makdisse, Marcia
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AU - Manios, Yannis
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AU - McNulty, Breige A.
AU - Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia
AU - Meirhaeghe, Aline
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AU - Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd
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AU - Mossakowska, Malgorzata
AU - Mostafa, Aya
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AU - Nagel, Gabriele
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AU - Ning, Guang
AU - Ninomiya, Toshiharu
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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2015 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration.
PY - 2015/8/1
Y1 - 2015/8/1
N2 - Background: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods: We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA1c (HbA1c ≥6·5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG ≥7·0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT ≥11·1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings: Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r=0·98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA1c was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42·8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41·6%; in the other 15·6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA1c-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA1c 6·5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52·8% (95% CI 51·3-54·3%) and a pooled specificity of 99·74% (99·71-99·78%) compared with FPG 7·0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30·5% (28·7-32·3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA1c versus FPG. Interpretation: Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA1c-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.
AB - Background: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods: We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA1c (HbA1c ≥6·5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG ≥7·0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT ≥11·1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings: Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r=0·98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA1c was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42·8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41·6%; in the other 15·6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA1c-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA1c 6·5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52·8% (95% CI 51·3-54·3%) and a pooled specificity of 99·74% (99·71-99·78%) compared with FPG 7·0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30·5% (28·7-32·3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA1c versus FPG. Interpretation: Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA1c-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84938199196&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00129-1
DO - 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00129-1
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 26109024
AN - SCOPUS:84938199196
SN - 2213-8587
VL - 3
SP - 624
EP - 637
JO - The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology
JF - The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology
IS - 8
ER -